Page 63 - Vector Analysis
P. 63
§2.7 The Implicit Function Theorem 59
points are local maximum points or local minimum points of f which implies that f is not
locally invertible even though we have f 1(0) = 1 ‰ 0. One cannot apply the inverse function
theorem in this case since f is not C 1.
Corollary 2.65. Let U Ď Rn be open, f : U Ñ Rn be of class C 1, and (Df )(x) be invertible
for all x P U. Then f (W) is open for every open set W Ď U.
在證明了小區域的(local)反函數定理 (Theorem 2.61) 之後,我們接下來要問的是全
域的(global)反函數在什麼條件之下會存在。如果照一維的反函數定理,我們會猜測是
不是只要 (Df )(x) 在整個區域都可逆就能得到在全域的反函數都存在。以下給個反例說
單單在這個條件之下,函數不一定會有一對一的性質。
Example 2.66. Let f : R2 Ñ R2 be given by
f (x, y) = (ex cos y, ex sin y) .
Then []
[ ] ex cos y ´ex sin y
(Df )(x, y) = .
ex sin y ex cos y
It is easy to see that the Jacobian of f at any point is not zero (thus (Df )(x) is invertible for
all x P R2), and f is not globally one-to-one (thus the inverse of f does not exist globally)
since for example, f (x, y) = f (x, y + 2π).
要再加什麼條件進來才能得到反函數在全域都存在是個不容易的問題。在一維的情
況下,導數是 sign definite 就表示函數在全域是嚴格單調的。在高維度的情況,即使是
(Df )(x) 到處都可逆,仍然有很多情況可能發生(如上例)。下面這個定理(全域的反函
數存在定理),從某種角度來說並沒有真的加了什麼條件以確保全域的反函數存在,只是
多要求了在所考慮的區域邊界上函數是一對一的。這個條件在一維的情況之下是自動成
立的:因為如果一單變數函數的導數是 sign definite,那麼函數在邊界上必定是一對一的
(因為嚴格單調的關係)。
Theorem 2.67 (Global Existence of Inverse Function). Let D Ď Rn be open, f : D Ñ Rn
be of class C 1, and (Df )(x) be invertible for all x P K. Suppose that K is a connected(連
通,即只有一塊), closed and bounded subset of D, and f : B K Ñ Rn is one-to-one. Then
f : K Ñ Rn is one-to-one.
全域的反函數定理的證明需要更多關於點拓的知識,所以不在這門課中證明。